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<chapter>
  <header>
    <copyright>
      <year>1997</year><year>2009</year>
      <holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder>
    </copyright>
    <legalnotice>
      The contents of this file are subject to the Erlang Public License,
      Version 1.1, (the "License"); you may not use this file except in
      compliance with the License. You should have received a copy of the
      Erlang Public License along with this software. If not, it can be
      retrieved online at http://www.erlang.org/.
    
      Software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS"
      basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See
      the License for the specific language governing rights and limitations
      under the License.
    
    </legalnotice>

    <title>Introduction</title>
    <prepared>Martin Bj&ouml;rklund</prepared>
    <docno></docno>
    <date>1997-11-01</date>
    <rev>A</rev>
    <file>oam_intro.xml</file>
  </header>
  <p>The operation and maintenance support in OTP consists of a
    generic model for management subsystems in OTP, and some
    components to be used in these subsystems.  This document
    describes the model.
    </p>
  <p>The main idea in the model is that it is management protocol
    independent.  Thus, it is not tied to any specific management
    protocol.  An API is defined which can be used to write
    adaptations for specific management protocols.
    </p>
  <p>Each OAM component in OTP is implemented as one sub application,
    which can be included in a management application for the system.
    Note that such a complete management application is not in the
    scope of this generic functionality.  Examples illustrating how such an
    application can be built are included however.
    </p>

  <section>
    <title>Terminology</title>
    <p>The protocol independent architectural model on the network
      level is the well-known <term id="Manager-Agent       model"><termdef>Client-Server model for management operations</termdef></term>.  This model is based on the client-server
      principle, where the manager (client) sends <term id="requests"><termdef>A request is sent from a manager to an agent when it accesses management information.</termdef></term>to the
      agent (server), the agent sends <term id="replies"><termdef>A reply is sent from the agent as a response to a request from a manager.</termdef></term>back to the manager.  There are two main
      differences to the normal client-server model.  First, there are
      usually a few managers that communicate with many agents; and
      second, the agent may spontaneously send <term id="notifications"><termdef>A notification is sent spontaneously from an agent to a manager, e.g. an alarm.</termdef></term>to the
      manager.  The picture below illustrates the idea.</p>
    <image file="../oam/terminology.gif">
      <icaption>Terminology</icaption>
    </image>
    <p>The manager is often referred to as the <term id="NMS"></term>, to
      emphasize that it usually is realized as a program that presents
      data to an operator.
      </p>
    <p>The agent is an entity that executes within a <term id="NE"></term>.
      In OTP, the network element may be a distributed system, meaning
      that the distributed system is managed as one entity.  Of
      course, the agent may be configured to be able to run on one of
      several nodes, making it a distributed OTP application.
      </p>
    <p>The management information is defined in an <term id="MIB"></term>.
      It is a formal definition of which information the agent makes
      available to the manager.  The manager accesses the MIB through
      a management protocol, such as SNMP, CMIP, HTTP or CORBA.  Each
      of these protocols have their own MIB definition language.  In
      SNMP, it is a subset of ASN.1, in CMIP it is GDMO, in HTTP it is
      implicit, and using CORBA, it is IDL.  Usually, the entities
      defined in the MIB are called <term id="MO"></term>, although these
      objects do not have to be objects in the OO way,for example, a simple
      scalar variable defined in an MIB is called a Managed Object.
      The Managed Objects are logical objects, not necessarily with a
      one-to-one mapping to the resources.
      </p>
  </section>

  <section>
    <title>Model</title>
    <p>In this section, the generic protocol independent model for use
      within an OTP based network element is presented.  This model is
      used by all operation and maintenance components, and may be
      used by the applications.  The advantage of the model is that it
      clearly separates the resources from the management protocol.
      The resources do not need to be aware of which management
      protocol is used to manage the system.  This makes it possible
      to manage the same resources with different protocols.
      </p>
    <p>The different entities involved in this model are the <term id="agent"></term>which terminates the management protocol, and the
      <term id="resources"></term>which is to be managed, i.e. the actual
      application entities.  The resources should in general have no
      knowledge of the management protocol used, and the agent should
      have no knowledge of the managed resources.  This implies that
      some sort of translation mechanism must be used, to translate
      the management operations to operations on the resources.  This
      translation mechanism is usually called
      <em>instrumentation</em>, and the function that implements it is
      called <term id="instrumentation function"></term>.  The
      instrumentation functions are written for each combination of
      management protocol and resource to be managed.  For example, if
      an application is to be managed by SNMP and HTTP, two sets of
      instrumentation functions are defined; one that maps SNMP
      requests to the resources, and one that e.g. generates an HTML
      page for some resources.
      </p>
    <p>When a manager makes a request to the agent, we have the
      following picture:</p>
    <image file="../oam/snmp_model_1.gif">
      <icaption>Request to an agent by a manager</icaption>
    </image>
    <p>Note that the mapping between instrumentation function and
      resource is not necessarily 1-1.  It is also possible to write
      one instrumentation function for each resource, and use that
      function from different protocols.
      </p>
    <p>The agent receives a request and maps this request to calls to
      one or several instrumentation functions.  The instrumentation
      functions perform operations on the resources to implement the
      semantics associated with the managed object.
      </p>
    <p>For example, a system that is managed with SNMP and HTTP may be
      structured in the following way:</p>
    <image file="../oam/snmp_model_2.gif">
      <icaption>Structure of a system managed with SNMP and HTTP</icaption>
    </image>
    <p>The resources may send notifications to the manager as well.
      Examples of notifications are events and alarms.  There is a
      need for the resource to generate protocol independent
      notifications.  The following picture illustrates how this is
      achieved:</p>
    <image file="../oam/snmp_model_3.gif">
      <icaption>Notification handling</icaption>
    </image>
    <p>The main idea is that the resource sends the notfications as
      Erlang terms to a dedicated <c>gen_event</c> process.  Into this
      process, handlers for the different management protocols are
      installed.  When an event is received by this process, it is
      forwarded to each installed handler.  The handlers are
      responsible for translating the event into a notification to be
      sent over the management protocol.  For example, a handler for
      SNMP would translate each event into an SNMP trap.
      </p>
  </section>

  <section>
    <title>SNMP based OAM</title>
    <p>For all OAM components, SNMP adaptations are provided.  Other
      adaptations may be defined in the future.
      </p>
    <p>The OAM components, and some other OTP applications, define
      SNMP MIBs.  All these MIBs are written in SNMPv2 SMI syntax, as
      defined in RFC1902.  For convenience we also deliver the SNMPv1
      SMI equivalent.  All MIBs are designed to be v1/v2 compatible,
      i.e. the v2 MIBs do not use any construct not available in v1.
      </p>

    <section>
      <title>MIB structure</title>
      <p>The top-level OTP MIB is called <c>OTP-REG</c>, and it is
        included in the <c>sasl</c> application.  All other OTP mibs
        import some objects from this MIB.
        </p>
      <p>Each MIB is contained in one application.  The MIB text files
        are stored under <c><![CDATA[mibs/<MIB>.mib]]></c> in the application
        directory. The generated <c>.hrl</c> files with constant
        declarations are stored under <c><![CDATA[include/<MIB>.hrl]]></c>, and
        the compiled MIBs are stored under
        <c><![CDATA[priv/mibs/<MIB>.bin]]></c>.  For example, the <c>OTP-MIB</c>
        is included in the <c>sasl</c> application:
        </p>
      <code type="none">
sasl-1.3/mibs/OTP-MIB.mib
         include/OTP-MIB.hrl
         priv/mibs/OTP-MIB.bin</code>
      <p>An application that needs to IMPORT this mib into another
        MIB, should use the <c>il</c> option to the snmp mib compiler:
        </p>
      <code type="none">
snmp:c("MY-MIB", [{il, ["sasl/priv/mibs"]}]).</code>
      <p>If the application needs to include the generated
        <c>.hrl</c> file, it should use the <c>-include_lib</c>
        directive to the Erlang compiler.
        </p>
      <code type="none">
-module(my_mib).

-include_lib("sasl/include/OTP-MIB.hrl").</code>
      <p>The following MIBs are defined in the OTP system:
        </p>
      <taglist>
        <tag>OTP-REG  (sasl)</tag>
        <item>
          <p>This MIB contains the top-level OTP registration
            objects, used by all other MIBs.
            </p>
        </item>
        <tag>OTP-TC  (sasl)</tag>
        <item>
          <p>This MIB contains the general Textual Conventions,
            which can be used by any other MIB.
            </p>
        </item>
        <tag>OTP-MIB  (sasl)</tag>
        <item>
          <p>This MIB contains objects for instrumentation of the
            Erlang nodes, the Erlang machines and the applications in
            the system.
            </p>
        </item>
        <tag>OTP-OS-MON-MIB  (os_mon)</tag>
        <item>
          <p>This MIB contains objects for instrumentation of disk,
            memory and cpu usage of the nodes in the system.
            </p>
        </item>
        <tag>OTP-SNMPEA-MIB  (snmp)</tag>
        <item>
          <p>This MIB contains objects for instrumentation and
            control of the extensible snmp agent itself.  Note that
            the agent also implements the standard SNMPv2-MIB (or v1
            part of MIB-II, if SNMPv1 is used).
            </p>
        </item>
        <tag>OTP-EVA-MIB  (eva)</tag>
        <item>
          <p>This MIB contains objects for instrumentation and
            control of the events and alarms in the system.
            </p>
        </item>
        <tag>OTP-LOG-MIB  (eva)</tag>
        <item>
          <p>This MIB contains objects for instrumentation and
            control of the logs and FTP transfer of logs.
            </p>
        </item>
        <tag>OTP-EVA-LOG-MIB  (eva)</tag>
        <item>
          <p>This MIB contains objects for instrumentation and
            control of the events and alarm logs in the system.
            </p>
        </item>
        <tag>OTP-SNMPEA-LOG-MIB  (eva)</tag>
        <item>
          <p>This MIB contains objects for instrumentation and
            control of the snmp audit trail log in the system.
            </p>
        </item>
      </taglist>
      <p>The different applications use different strategies for
        loading the MIBs into the agent.  Some MIB implementations are
        code-only, while others need a server.  One way, used by the
        code-only mib implementations, is for the user to call a
        function such as <c>otp_mib:init(Agent)</c> to load the MIB,
        and <c>otp_mib:stop(Agent)</c> to unload the MIB.  See the
        application manual page for each application for a description
        of how to load each MIB.
        </p>
    </section>
  </section>
</chapter>

