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<chapter>
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      <year>1999</year><year>2009</year>
      <holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder>
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    <title>The Orber Application</title>
    <prepared></prepared>
    <docno></docno>
    <date>1998-10-05</date>
    <rev></rev>
    <file>ch_orber_kernel.xml</file>
  </header>

  <section>
    <title>ORB Kernel and IIOP </title>
    <p>This chapter gives a brief overview of the ORB and its relation
      to objects in a distributed environment and the usage of Domains
      in Orber.
      Also Internet-Inter ORB Protocol (<term id="IIOP"><termdef>Internet-Inter ORB Protocol</termdef></term>) is discussed and how this
      protocol facilitates communication between ORBs to
      allow the accessory of persistent server objects in Erlang. </p>
  </section>

  <section>
    <title>The Object Request Broker (ORB)</title>
    <p>An ORB kernel can be best described as the middle-ware, which
      creates relationships between clients and servers, but is
      defined by its interfaces.  This allows transparency for the
      user, as they do not have to be aware of where the requested
      object is located. Thus, the programmer can work with any other
      platform provided that an IDL mapping and interfaces exist. 
      </p>
    <p>The IDL mapping which is described in a later chapter is the
      translator between other platforms, and languages. However, it
      is the ORB, which provides  objects with a structure by which
      they can communicate with other objects.
      </p>
    <p>ORBs intercept and direct messages from one object, pass this
      message using IIOP to another ORB, which then directs the
      message to the indicated object.
      </p>
    <p>An ORB is the base on which interfaces, communication stubs
      and mapping can be built to enable communication between
      objects. Orber uses <term id="domains"><termdef>A domain allows a more efficient communication protocol to be used between objects not on the same node without the need of an ORB</termdef></term>to group objects of different nodes
      </p>
    <p>How the ORB provides communication is shown very simply in figure 1 below: </p>
    <marker id="theORB"></marker>
    <image file="theORB.gif">
      <icaption>
Figure 1: How the Object Request Broker works.</icaption>
    </image>
    <p>The domain in Orber  gives an extra aspect to the distributed object
      environment as each domain has one ORB, but it is distributed over
      a number of object in different nodes. The domain binds objects on
      nodes  more closely than distributed objects in different domains.  The
      advantage of a domain is that a faster communication  exists between
      nodes and objects of the same domain. An internal communication protocol
      (other than IIOP)  allows a
      more efficient communication between these objects. </p>
    <note>
      <p>Unlike objects, domains can only have one name
        so that no communication ambiguities exist between  domains.</p>
    </note>
  </section>

  <section>
    <title>Internet Inter-Object Protocol (IIOP)</title>
    <p>IIOP is a communication protocol developed by the OMG to
      facilitate communication in a distributed object-oriented
      environment.
      </p>
    <p>Figure 2 below demonstrates how IIOP works between objects:</p>
    <marker id="iiop"></marker>
    <image file="iiop.gif">
      <icaption>
Figure 2: IIOP communication between domains and objects.</icaption>
    </image>
    <note>
      <p>Within the Orber domains the objects communicate without
        using the IIOP.  However,  the user is unaware of the difference in protocols, as this difference is not visible. </p>
    </note>
  </section>
</chapter>

