INTERNET-DRAFT                                         Clifford Neuman
draft-ietf-cat-kerberos-pk-init-03.txt                      Brian Tung
Updates: RFC 1510                                                  ISI
expires September 30, 1997                                   John Wray
                                         Digital Equipment Corporation
                                                         Ari Medvinsky
                                                           Matthew Hur
                                                 CyberSafe Corporation
                                                      Jonathan Trostle
                                                                Novell


    Public Key Cryptography for Initial Authentication in Kerberos


0.  Status Of this Memo

    This document is an Internet-Draft.  Internet-Drafts are working
    documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its
    areas, and its working groups.  Note that other groups may also
    distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts.

    Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six
    months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other
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    as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in
    progress."

    To learn the current status of any Internet-Draft, please check
    the "1id-abstracts.txt" listing contained in the Internet-Drafts
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    munnari.oz.au (Pacific Rim).

    The distribution of this memo is unlimited.  It is filed as
    draft-ietf-cat-kerberos-pk-init-03.txt, and expires September 30,
    1997.  Please send comments to the authors.


1.  Abstract

    This document defines extensions (PKINIT) to the Kerberos protocol
    specification (RFC 1510 [1]) to provide a method for using public
    key cryptography during initial authentication.  The methods
    defined specify the ways in which preauthentication data fields and
    error data fields in Kerberos messages are to be used to transport
    public key data.


2.  Introduction

    The popularity of public key cryptography has produced a desire for
    its support in Kerberos [2].  The advantages provided by public key
    cryptography include simplified key management (from the Kerberos
    perspective) and the ability to leverage existing and developing
    public key certification infrastructures.

    Public key cryptography can be integrated into Kerberos in a number
    of ways.  One is to to associate a key pair with each realm, which
    can then be used to facilitate cross-realm authentication; this is
    the topic of another draft proposal.  Another way is to allow users
    with public key certificates to use them in initial authentication.
    This is the concern of the current document.

    One of the guiding principles in the design of PKINIT is that
    changes should be as minimal as possible.  As a result, the basic
    mechanism of PKINIT is as follows:  The user sends a request to the
    KDC as before, except that if that user is to use public key
    cryptography in the initial authentication step, his certificate
    accompanies the initial request, in the preauthentication fields.

    Upon receipt of this request, the KDC verifies the certificate and
    issues a ticket granting ticket (TGT) as before, except that instead
    of being encrypted in the user's long-term key (which is derived
    from a password), it is encrypted in a randomly-generated key.  This
    random key is in turn encrypted using the public key certificate
    that came with the request and signed using the KDC's signature key,
    and accompanies the reply, in the preauthentication fields.

    PKINIT also allows for users with only digital signature keys to
    authenticate using those keys, and for users to store and retrieve
    private keys on the KDC.

    The PKINIT specification may also be used for direct peer to peer
    authentication without contacting a central KDC. This application
    of PKINIT is described in PKTAPP [4] and is based on concepts
    introduced in [5, 6]. For direct client-to-server authentication,
    the client uses PKINIT to authenticate to the end server (instead
    of a central KDC), which then issues a ticket for itself.  This
    approach has an advantage over SSL [7] in that the server does not
    need to save state (cache session keys).  Furthermore, an
    additional benefit is that Kerberos tickets can facilitate
    delegation (see [8]).


3.  Proposed Extensions

    This section describes extensions to RFC 1510 for supporting the
    use of public key cryptography in the initial request for a ticket
    granting ticket (TGT).

    In summary, the following changes to RFC 1510 are proposed:

        --> Users may authenticate using either a public key pair or a
            conventional (symmetric) key.  If public key cryptography is
            used, public key data is transported in preauthentication
            data fields to help establish identity.
        --> Users may store private keys on the KDC for retrieval during
            Kerberos initial authentication.

    This proposal addresses two ways that users may use public key
    cryptography for initial authentication.  Users may present public
    key certificates, or they may generate their own session key,
    signed by their digital signature key.  In either case, the end
    result is that the user obtains an ordinary TGT that may be used for
    subsequent authentication, with such authentication using only
    conventional cryptography.

    Section 3.1 provides definitions to help specify message formats.
    Section 3.2 and 3.3 describe the extensions for the two initial
    authentication methods.  Section 3.3 describes a way for the user to
    store and retrieve his private key on the KDC.


3.1.  Definitions

    Hash and encryption types will be specified using ENCTYPE tags; we
    propose the addition of the following types:

        #define ENCTYPE_SIGN_DSA_GENERATE   0x0011
        #define ENCTYPE_SIGN_DSA_VERIFY     0x0012
        #define ENCTYPE_ENCRYPT_RSA_PRIV    0x0021
        #define ENCTYPE_ENCRYPT_RSA_PUB     0x0022

    allowing further signature types to be defined in the range 0x0011
    through 0x001f, and further encryption types to be defined in the
    range 0x0021 through 0x002f.

    The extensions involve new preauthentication fields.  The
    preauthentication data types are in the range 17 through 21.
    These values are also specified along with their corresponding
    ASN.1 definition.

        #define PA-PK-AS-REQ                17
        #define PA-PK-AS-REP                18
        #define PA-PK-AS-SIGN               19
        #define PA-PK-KEY-REQ               20
        #define PA-PK-KEY-REP               21

    The extensions also involve new error types.  The new error types
    are in the range 227 through 229.  They are:

        #define KDC_ERROR_CLIENT_NOT_TRUSTED    227
        #define KDC_ERROR_KDC_NOT_TRUSTED       228
        #define KDC_ERROR_INVALID_SIG           229

    In the exposition below, we use the following terms: encryption key,
    decryption key, signature key, verification key.  It should be
    understood that encryption and verification keys are essentially
    public keys, and decryption and signature keys are essentially
    private keys.  The fact that they are logically distinct does
    not preclude the assignment of bitwise identical keys.


3.2.  Standard Public Key Authentication

    Implementation of the changes in this section is REQUIRED for
    compliance with pk-init.

    It is assumed that all public keys are signed by some certification
    authority (CA).  The initial authentication request is sent as per
    RFC 1510, except that a preauthentication field containing data
    signed by the user's signature key accompanies the request:

    PA-PK-AS-REQ ::- SEQUENCE {
                                -- PA TYPE 17
        signedPKAuth            [0] SignedPKAuthenticator,
        userCert                [1] SEQUENCE OF Certificate OPTIONAL,
                                    -- the user's certificate
                                    -- optionally followed by that
                                    -- certificate's certifier chain
        trustedCertifiers       [2] SEQUENCE OF PrincipalName OPTIONAL
                                    -- CAs that the client trusts
    }

    SignedPKAuthenticator ::= SEQUENCE {
        pkAuth                  [0] PKAuthenticator,
        pkAuthSig               [1] Signature,
                                    -- of pkAuth
                                    -- using user's signature key
    }

    PKAuthenticator ::= SEQUENCE {
        cusec                   [0] INTEGER,
                                    -- for replay prevention
        ctime                   [1] KerberosTime,
                                    -- for replay prevention
        nonce                   [2] INTEGER,
                                    -- binds response to this request
        kdcName                 [3] PrincipalName,
        clientPubValue          [4] SubjectPublicKeyInfo OPTIONAL,
                                    -- for Diffie-Hellman algorithm
    }

    Signature ::= SEQUENCE {
        signedHash              [0] EncryptedData
                                    -- of type Checksum
                                    -- encrypted under signature key
    }

    Checksum ::=   SEQUENCE {
        cksumtype               [0] INTEGER,
        checksum                [1] OCTET STRING
    }   -- as specified by RFC 1510

    SubjectPublicKeyInfo ::= SEQUENCE {
        algorithm               [0] algorithmIdentifier,
        subjectPublicKey        [1] BIT STRING
    }   -- as specified by the X.509 recommendation [9]

    Certificate ::= SEQUENCE {
        CertType                [0] INTEGER,
                                    -- type of certificate
                                    -- 1 = X.509v3 (DER encoding)
                                    -- 2 = PGP (per PGP draft)
        CertData                [1] OCTET STRING
                                    -- actual certificate
                                    -- type determined by CertType
    }

    Note: If the signature uses RSA keys, then it is to be performed
    as per PKCS #1.

    The PKAuthenticator carries information to foil replay attacks,
    to bind the request and response, and to optionally pass the
    client's Diffie-Hellman public value (i.e. for using DSA in
    combination with Diffie-Hellman).  The PKAuthenticator is signed
    with the private key corresponding to the public key in the
    certificate found in userCert (or cached by the KDC).

    In the PKAuthenticator, the client may specify the KDC name in one
    of two ways: 1) a Kerberos principal name, or 2) the name in the
    KDC's certificate (e.g., an X.500 name, or a PGP name).  Note that
    case #1 requires that the certificate name and the Kerberos principal
    name be bound together (e.g., via an X.509v3 extension).

    The userCert field is a sequence of certificates, the first of which
    must be the user's public key certificate. Any subsequent
    certificates will be certificates of the certifiers of the user's
    certificate.  These cerificates may be used by the KDC to verify the
    user's public key.  This field is empty if the KDC already has the
    user's certifcate.

    The trustedCertifiers field contains a list of certification
    authorities trusted by the client, in the case that the client does
    not possess the KDC's public key certificate.

    Upon receipt of the AS_REQ with PA-PK-AS-REQ pre-authentication
    type, the KDC attempts to verify the user's certificate chain
    (userCert), if one is provided in the request.  This is done by
    verifying the certification path against the KDC's policy of
    legitimate certifiers.  This may be based on a certification
    hierarchy, or it may be simply a list of recognized certifiers in a
    system like PGP.  If the certification path does not match one of
    the KDC's trusted certifiers, the KDC sends back an error message of
    type KDC_ERROR_CLIENT_NOT_TRUSTED, and it includes in the error data
    field a list of its own trusted certifiers, upon which the client
    resends the request.

    If  trustedCertifiers is provided in the PA-PK-AS-REQ, the KDC
    verifies that it has a certificate issued by one of the certifiers
    trusted by the client.  If it does not have a suitable certificate,
    the KDC returns an error message of type KDC_ERROR_KDC_NOT_TRUSTED
    to the client. 

    If a trust relationship exists, the KDC then verifies the client's
    signature on PKAuthenticator.  If that fails, the KDC returns an
    error message of type KDC_ERROR_INVALID_SIG.  Otherwise, the KDC
    uses the timestamp in the PKAuthenticator to assure that the request
    is not a replay.   The KDC also verifies that its name is specified
    in PKAuthenticator.

    Assuming no errors, the KDC replies as per RFC 1510, except that it
    encrypts the reply not with the user's key, but with a random key
    generated only for this particular response.  This random key
    is sealed in the preauthentication field:

    PA-PK-AS-REP ::= SEQUENCE {
                               -- PA TYPE 18
        kdcCert                 [0] SEQUENCE OF Certificate OPTIONAL,
                                    -- the KDC's certificate
                                    -- optionally followed by that
                                    -- certificate's certifier chain
        encPaReply              [1] EncryptedData,
                                    -- of type PaReply
                                    -- using either the client public
                                    -- key or the Diffie-Hellman key
                                    -- specified by SignedDHPublicValue
        signedDHPublicValue     [2] SignedDHPublicValue OPTIONAL
    }


    PaReply ::= SEQUENCE {
        replyEncKeyPack         [0] ReplyEncKeyPack,
        replyEncKeyPackSig      [1] Signature,
                                    -- of replyEncKeyPack
                                    -- using KDC's signature key
    }

    ReplyEncKeyPack ::= SEQUENCE {
        replyEncKey             [0] EncryptionKey,
                                    -- used to encrypt main reply
        nonce                   [1] INTEGER
                                    -- binds response to the request
                                    -- passed in the PKAuthenticator
    }

    SignedDHPublicValue ::= SEQUENCE {
        dhPublicValue           [0] SubjectPublicKeyInfo,
        dhPublicValueSig        [1] Signature
                                    -- of dhPublicValue
                                    -- using KDC's signature key
    }

    The kdcCert field is a sequence of certificates, the first of which
    must have as its root certifier one of the certifiers sent to the
    KDC in the PA-PK-AS-REQ. Any subsequent certificates will be 
    certificates of the certifiers of the KDC's certificate.  These
    cerificates may be used by the client to verify the KDC's public
    key.  This field is empty if the client did not send to the KDC a
    list of trusted certifiers (the trustedCertifiers field was empty).
    
    Since each certifier in the certification path of a user's
    certificate is essentially a separate realm, the name of each
    certifier shall be added to the transited field of the ticket.  The
    format of these realm names shall follow the naming constraints set
    forth in RFC 1510 (sections 7.1 and 3.3.3.1).  Note that this will
    require new nametypes to be defined for PGP certifiers and other
    types of realms as they arise.

    The KDC's certificate must bind the public key to a name derivable
    from the name of the realm for that KDC.  The client then extracts
    the random key used to encrypt the main reply.  This random key (in
    encPaReply) is encrypted with either the client's public key or
    with a key derived from the DH values exchanged between the client
    and the KDC.


3.3.  Digital Signature

    Implementation of the changes in this section are OPTIONAL for
    compliance with pk-init.

    We offer this option with the warning that it requires the client to
    generate a random key; the client may not be able to guarantee the
    same level of randomness as the KDC.

    If the user registered a digital signature key with the KDC instead
    of an encryption key, then a separate exchange must be used.  The
    client sends a request for a TGT as usual, except that it (rather
    than the KDC) generates the random key that will be used to encrypt
    the KDC response.  This key is sent to the KDC along with the
    request in a preauthentication field:

    PA-PK-AS-SIGN ::= SEQUENCE {
                                -- PA TYPE 19
        encSignedKeyPack        [0] EncryptedData
                                    -- of SignedKeyPack
                                    -- using the KDC's public key
    }

    SignedKeyPack ::= SEQUENCE {
        signedKey               [0] KeyPack,
        signedKeyAuth           [1] PKAuthenticator,
        signedKeySig            [2] Signature
                                    -- of signedKey.signedKeyAuth
                                    -- using user's signature key
    }

    KeyPack ::= SEQUENCE {
        randomKey               [0] EncryptionKey,
                                    -- will be used to encrypt reply
        nonce                   [1] INTEGER
    }

    where the nonce is copied from the request.

    Upon receipt of the PA-PK-AS-SIGN, the KDC decrypts then verifies
    the randomKey.  It then replies as per RFC 1510, except that the
    reply is encrypted not with a password-derived user key, but with
    the randomKey sent in the request.  Since the client already knows
    this key, there is no need to accompany the reply with an extra
    preauthentication field.  The transited field of the ticket should
    specify the certification path as described in Section 3.2.


3.4.  Retrieving the Private Key From the KDC

    Implementation of the changes in this section is RECOMMENDED for
    compliance with pk-init.

    When the user's private key is not stored local to the user, he may
    choose to store the private key (normally encrypted using a
    password-derived key) on the KDC.  We provide this option to present
    the user with an alternative to storing the private key on local
    disk at each machine where he expects to authenticate himself using
    pk-init.  It should be noted that it replaces the added risk of
    long-term storage of the private key on possibly many workstations
    with the added risk of storing the private key on the KDC in a
    form vulnerable to brute-force attack.

    In order to obtain a private key, the client includes a
    preauthentication field with the AS-REQ message:

    PA-PK-KEY-REQ ::= SEQUENCE {
                                -- PA TYPE 20
        patimestamp             [0] KerberosTime OPTIONAL, 
                                    -- used to address replay attacks.
        pausec                  [1] INTEGER OPTIONAL,
                                    -- used to address replay attacks.
        nonce                   [2] INTEGER,
                                    -- binds the reply to this request
        privkeyID               [3] SEQUENCE OF KeyID OPTIONAL
                                    -- constructed as a hash of
                                    -- public key corresponding to
                                    -- desired private key
    }

    KeyID ::= SEQUENCE {
        KeyIdentifier           [0] OCTET STRING
    }

    The client may request a specific private key by sending the
    corresponding ID.  If this field is left empty, then all
    private keys are returned.

    If all checks out, the KDC responds as described in the above
    sections, except that an additional preauthentication field,
    containing the user's private key, accompanies the reply:

    PA-PK-KEY-REP ::= SEQUENCE {
                                -- PA TYPE 21
        nonce                   [0] INTEGER,
                                    -- binds the reply to the request
        KeyData                 [1] SEQUENCE OF KeyPair
    }

    KeyPair ::= SEQUENCE {
        privKeyID               [0] OCTET STRING,
                                    -- corresponding to encPrivKey
        encPrivKey              [1] OCTET STRING
    }


3.4.1.  Additional Protection of Retrieved Private Keys

    We solicit discussion on the following proposal: that the client may
    optionally include in its request additional data to encrypt the
    private key, which is currently only protected by the user's
    password.  One possibility is that the client might generate a
    random string of bits, encrypt it with the public key of the KDC (as
    in the SignedKeyPack, but with an ordinary OCTET STRING in place of
    an EncryptionKey), and include this with the request.  The KDC then
    XORs each returned key with this random bit string.  (If the bit
    string is too short, the KDC could either return an error, or XOR
    the returned key with a repetition of the bit string.)

    In order to make this work, additional means of preauthentication
    need to be devised in order to prevent attackers from simply
    inserting their own bit string.  One way to do this is to store
    a hash of the password-derived key (the one used to encrypt the
    private key).  This hash is then used in turn to derive a second
    key (called the hash-key); the hash-key is used to encrypt an ASN.1
    structure containing the generated bit string and a nonce value
    that binds it to the request.

    Since the KDC possesses the hash, it can generate the hash-key and
    verify this (weaker) preauthentication, and yet cannot reproduce
    the private key itself, since the hash is a one-way function.


4.  Logistics and Policy Issues

    We solicit discussion on how clients and KDCs should be configured
    in order to determine which of the options described above (if any)
    should be used.  One possibility is to set the user's database
    record to indicate that authentication is to use public key
    cryptography; this will not work, however, in the event that the
    client needs to know before making the initial request.

5.  Compatibility with One-Time Passcodes

    We solicit discussion on how the protocol changes proposed in this
    draft will interact with the proposed use of one-time passcodes
    discussed in draft-ietf-cat-kerberos-passwords-00.txt.


6.  Strength of Cryptographic Schemes

    In light of recent findings on the strength of MD5 and DES,
    we solicit discussion on which encryption types to incorporate
    into the protocol changes.


7.  Bibliography

    [1] J. Kohl, C. Neuman.  The Kerberos Network Authentication
    Service (V5).  Request for Comments: 1510

    [2] B.C. Neuman, Theodore Ts'o. Kerberos: An Authentication Service
    for Computer Networks, IEEE Communications, 32(9):33-38.
    September 1994.

    [3] A. Medvinsky, M. Hur.  Addition of Kerberos Cipher Suites to
    Transport Layer Security (TLS).
    draft-ietf-tls-kerb-cipher-suites-00.txt

    [4] A. Medvinsky, M. Hur, B. Clifford Neuman.  Public Key Utilizing
    Tickets for Application Servers (PKTAPP).
    draft-ietf-cat-pktapp-00.txt

    [5] M. Sirbu, J. Chuang.  Distributed Authentication in Kerberos Using 
    Public Key Cryptography.  Symposium On Network and Distributed System 
    Security, 1997.

    [6] B. Cox, J.D. Tygar, M. Sirbu.  NetBill Security and Transaction 
    Protocol.  In Proceedings of the USENIX Workshop on Electronic Commerce,
    July 1995.

    [7] Alan O. Freier, Philip Karlton and Paul C. Kocher.
    The SSL Protocol, Version 3.0 - IETF Draft. 

    [8] B.C. Neuman, Proxy-Based Authorization and Accounting for 
    Distributed Systems.  In Proceedings of the 13th International 
    Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, May 1993

    [9] ITU-T (formerly CCITT)
    Information technology - Open Systems Interconnection -
    The Directory: Authentication Framework Recommendation X.509
    ISO/IEC 9594-8


8.  Acknowledgements

    Some of the ideas on which this proposal is based arose during
    discussions over several years between members of the SAAG, the IETF
    CAT working group, and the PSRG, regarding integration of Kerberos
    and SPX.  Some ideas have also been drawn from the DASS system.
    These changes are by no means endorsed by these groups.  This is an
    attempt to revive some of the goals of those groups, and this
    proposal approaches those goals primarily from the Kerberos
    perspective.  Lastly, comments from groups working on similar ideas
    in DCE have been invaluable.


9.  Expiration Date

    This draft expires September 30, 1997.


10.  Authors

    Clifford Neuman
    Brian Tung
    USC Information Sciences Institute
    4676 Admiralty Way Suite 1001
    Marina del Rey CA 90292-6695
    Phone: +1 310 822 1511
    E-mail: {bcn, brian}@isi.edu

    John Wray
    Digital Equipment Corporation
    550 King Street, LKG2-2/Z7
    Littleton, MA 01460
    Phone: +1 508 486 5210
    E-mail: wray@tuxedo.enet.dec.com

    Ari Medvinsky
    Matthew Hur
    CyberSafe Corporation
    1605 NW Sammamish Road Suite 310
    Issaquah WA 98027-5378
    Phone: +1 206 391 6000
    E-mail: {ari.medvinsky, matt.hur}@cybersafe.com

    Jonathan Trostle
    Novell
    E-mail: jonathan.trostle@novell.com
