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\title{\teTeX{} Manual}
\author{\href{mailto:te@dbs.uni-hannover.de}{Thomas Esser}}
\date{January 2005}

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\maketitle

\begin{abstract}
  
  \teTeX{} is a distribution of \TeX{} and related programs: pdf\TeX,
  e-\TeX, Omega, Aleph, \LaTeX, Con\TeX{}t, \MF, \MP{}, \texttt{dvips},
  \texttt{xdvi}, \texttt{dvipdfm}, \texttt{dvipng}, \BibTeX{},
  \texttt{makeindex} etc.

  \teTeX{} aims to make using and maintaining a \TeX{}
  system as easy as possible. The programs are built around the
  \href{http://tug.org/web2c/}{Web2c} distribution by Karl Berry and Olaf
  Weber. A common part of many programs is \texttt{kpathsea}, a library
  that provides efficient access by name to files stored hierarchically.

  This document describes how to use and set up the \teTeX{} system.
  It does not attempt to be a comprehensive guide, instead it tries to
  give an overview about what software and documentation is contained
  in the distribution.
\end{abstract}

\newpage
\tableofcontents

\newpage

\section{The Components of \teTeX}\label{sec:components}

This document cannot describe all the programs which are part of
\teTeX{} in detail, but it tries to give you an overview. This section
describes the packages which form the main components of \teTeX{}.

\subsection{Web2c}
\href{http://tug.org/web2c/}{Web2c} is a \TeX{} implementation,
originally for Unix, but also running under Windows, Macintosh,
DOS, Amiga, and other operating systems. It includes \TeX{} itself and
the following programs:
\begin{itemize}
\item \MF: a font compiler intended to produce typefaces of high
  quality~\cite{Knuth:1984:M}.
\item \MP: a program similar to \MF, modified to output Postscript
  code instead of bitmaps. Documentation for \MP{} is available via
  the command:
  \dlink{../../../texmf-dist/doc/metapost/base}{mpman}{\psext}.
\item \BibTeX: a preprocessor to make bibliographies for \LaTeX. For
  documentation, see
  \dlink{../../../texmf-dist/doc/bibtex/base}{btxdoc}{\dviext} and
  Appendix~B of \cite{Lamport:1994:LDP}.
\item utilities for converting between different font metric and
  bitmap formats: \texttt{gftopk}, \texttt{gftodvi}, \texttt{gftype},
  \texttt{pktogf}, \texttt{pktype}, \texttt{pltotf}, \texttt{tftopl},
  \texttt{vftovp}, \texttt{vptovf}.
\item DVI utilities: \texttt{dvicopy, dvitomp, dvitype}.
\item other tools: \texttt{patgen}, \texttt{pooltype},
  \texttt{tangle}, \texttt{weave}, \texttt{ctangle}, \texttt{cweave}.
\end{itemize}
  
  
The main documentation for \href{http://tug.org/web2c/}{Web2c} is the
``Web2c manual'' and the ``kpathsea manual''. These can be accessed
via \dlink{../../../texmf-dist/doc/programs}{web2c}{\docext} and
\dlink{../../../texmf-dist/doc/programs}{kpathsea}{\docext}
respectively.

\subsection{\TeX{} extensions: pdf\TeX, e-\TeX{}, Omega, Aleph, enc\TeX}
Besides the standard \TeX{} program, the
  following extensions to \TeX{} are included in \teTeX:
\begin{description}
\item [pdf\TeX] This can optionally write Acrobat PDF format instead
  of DVI. The user manual can be accessed by the command
  \dlink{../../../texmf-dist/doc/pdftex/manual}{pdftex-a}{\pdfext}.
  The \LaTeX{} hyperref package
  (\dlink{../../../texmf-dist/doc/latex/hyperref}{manual}{\pdfext})
  has an option ``pdftex'', which turns on all the program features.
  In DVI mode, pdf\TeX{} works like the usual \TeX{} with the
  exception of the availability of additional typographic features.
  
  In PDF mode, pdf\TeX{} supports graphics inclusion for the following
  graphic formats:
  \begin{itemize}
  \item PNG (portable network graphics)
  \item PDF (portable document format),
  \item JPG (jpeg)
  \item MPS (metapost output)
  \end{itemize}
  It does not support EPS (encapsulated postscript), but if you have
  recent versions of \texttt{ghostscript} (version 5.10 or later) and
  \texttt{perl} (version 5 or later) installed, you can use the tool
  \texttt{epstopdf} to convert EPS graphics into PDF. When including a
  PDF file, pdf\TeX{} is able to access parts of a multi-page file: a
  complete page or a clipped part of a page. This feature extends
  pdf\TeX{} beyond its typesetting capabilities into a versatile tool
  for handling arbitrary generated PDF files.

\item [e-\TeX] adds a small but powerful set of new primitives, and an
  extension for right to left typesetting. In default mode, e-\TeX{}
  is 100\,\% compatible with ordinary \TeX.  See
  \dlink{../../../texmf-dist/doc/etex/base}{etex-man}{\docext} for details.

\item [Omega ($\bm \Omega$)] Omega works internally with 16-bit
  Unicode characters; this allows it to work directly with
  almost all the world's scripts simultaneously. It also supports
  dynamically loaded ``$\Omega$ Translation Processes'' (OTPs), which
  allow the user to define complex transformations to be performed on
  arbitrary streams of input. Documentation:
  \dlink{../../../texmf-dist/doc/omega/base}{doc-1.12}{ps}.
\item [Aleph] is a \TeX{} engine that combines the good features of
  e\TeX{} and Omega. The \LaTeX{} based format of Aleph is called
  Lamed.
\end{description}


\subsection{DVI drivers: dvips, dvilj, xdvi, dvipdfm, dvipng}
For printing and previewing DVI files, you need to use one of the DVI
drivers that are available:
\begin{description}
\item [dvips] This driver converts DVI files into Postscript.
  Postscript is a page description language that many laser printers
  directly support. With the help of the utility \texttt{ghostscript},
  it is possible to view Postscript documents on screen and to print
  Postscript documents on non-Postscript printers. This version of
  \texttt{dvips} supports hypertex and partial font downloading.  In
  this release, the search path for config files have been changed:
  the current directory is no longer searched by default.
  Additionally, secure mode has been turned on by default. For
  details, consult the documentation:
  \dlink{../../../texmf-dist/doc/programs}{dvips}{\dviext}.
\item [dvilj] This is a family of drivers to support HP LaserJet (and
  compatible) printers: \texttt{dvilj, dvilj2p, dvilj4, dvilj4l,
    dvilj6}. These drivers are faster than the \texttt{dvips} +
  \texttt{ghostscript} alternative (which can also be used to print
  DVI files on HP LaserJet printers), but they lack a few features
  like support for virtual fonts, rotated or scaled graphics, etc.
\item [xdvi] This is a previewer for DVI files under the X~Window
  System. It has support for Postscript specials through Display
  Postscript, NeWS and \texttt{ghostscript}. Hypertex support was also
  added for this version of \texttt{xdvi}. A link can be followed by
  clicking with Button-1 or Button-2 (open link in a new window) on
  it. With the help of source specials, xdvi can interact with most
  editors in some way. For details, visit the
  \href{http://xdvi.sourceforge.net/inverse-search.html}{project
    page}.
\item [dvipdfm] This program can convert dvi files into pdf format,
  while supporting a rich set of features (via TeX's
  \textbackslash special scheme): hyperlinks, bookmarks, thumbnails,
  image inclusion etc. For details consult the documentation
  \dlink{../../../texmf-dist/doc/programs}{dvipdfm}{\docext} and the
  \href{http://gaspra.kettering.edu/dvipdfm/}{web page}.
\item [dvipng] makes PNG and/or GIF graphics from DVI files as obtained
  from TeX and its relatives. For details, consult the documentation:
  \dlink{../../../texmf-dist/doc/programs}{dvipng}{\docext}.

\end{description}


\subsection{Makeindex}
\texttt{makeindex} is a general purpose hierarchical index generator;
it accepts one or more input files (often produced by a text formatter
such as \TeX{} or \texttt{troff}), sorts the entries, and produces an
output file which can be formatted.  The formats of the input and
output files are specified in a style file; by default, input is
assumed to be an \texttt{idx} file, as generated by \LaTeX.
Documentation: \dlink{../../../texmf-dist/doc/makeindex}{makeindex}{\dviext}

\subsection{Texinfo}
\texttt{texinfo} is a documentation system. It produces online or
printed output from a single source. It uses \TeX{} to typeset
documents for printing (\dlink{../../../texmf-dist/doc/programs}{texinfo}{\dviext}).


\subsection{UNIX Scripts / Tools}

If you are using \teTeX{} under UNIX, you can use the following
scripts. More documentation for a specific tool can either be obtained
from its UNIX manual page or by running the program with the option
\texttt{--help}. 
\begin{description}
\item[texdoc] allows you to easily access documentation included with
  \teTeX. You only have to remember the file name of the document that
  you want to access, without the directory part. If you do not
  specify a file name extension (such as \texttt{.dvi})
  \texttt{texdoc} will try a few default extensions. After searching
  the file, \texttt{texdoc} starts an appropriate viewer.  The command
  \texttt{texdoc~--help} gives you a list of available command line
  options. While \texttt{texdoc} is a fast and efficient tool if you
  exactly know what you are searching for, it is of limited use if you
  don't know the exact name of the documentation file.
\item [texdoctk] This \texttt{perl/tk} based tool allows you to browse
  through the available documentation by some topics and to search for
  keywords. It uses a simple database file for its configuration
  (named \texttt{texdoctk.dat}), which you can customize and extend
  easily.
\item[texconfig] allows you to carry out the most common configuration
  tasks in \teTeX. The program can be used in command mode or in
  interactive mode. For the interactive mode (which is invoked by
  calling \texttt{texconfig} without arguments), a curses based
  utility is used for user interaction (menus, check boxes, \ldots).
  The command \texttt{texconfig help} shows you a list of available
  command line options (command mode).
  
  \verb+texconfig+ can be used to set up \TeX{} format files and their
  hyphenation patterns, to set up printers (for \verb+dvips+) and for
  a few other things.  It manipulates configuration files to store the
  configuration changes.
  
  If the use of \verb+texconfig+ causes a change in some configuration
  file, \verb+texconfig+ will try to save that file into the texmf
  tree that is specified by the \verb+TEXMFCONFIG+ variable. Variable
  (cached) runtime data (such as format files generated by
  \verb+fmtutil+, map files generated by \verb+updmap+) will be stored
  in the texmf tree specified by the \verb+TEXMFVAR+ variable.
\item[updmap] Some tools in \teTeX{} support Postscript Type~1
  fonts: \texttt{dvips}, \texttt{pdf\TeX}, \texttt{xdvi},
  \texttt{dvipdfm} and \texttt{gsftopk}, \texttt{ps2pk}. The last two
  in this list just convert outline fonts into a bitmap format which
  is helpful for applications that don't directly support outline
  fonts. In an ideal world, all of these programs would share a common
  configuration file to set up their outline fonts. The reality is
  different, however, and each tool needs its own configuration. The
  \texttt{updmap} utility was developed to generate these
  configuration files from a central repository. Adding font
  definitions for all supported applications from a map file
  \texttt{foo.map} can be as easy as %
  \verb+updmap --enable Map foo.map+. For details, please consult the
  manual page of \texttt{updmap}.
\item[dvired] This script can be used to print documents formatted for
  A4 paper 2-up (i.e.\@ two logical pages to one physical page of
  paper) by scaling the pages to 70.7\,\% of their original size.
  \texttt{dvired} can just be used in the same way as \texttt{dvips}
  (same command line options).
\item[dvi2fax] This script converts DVI files into FAX G3 format. It
  uses \texttt{ghostscript} (see:
  \url{http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost/}) which is not part of \teTeX{}.
  The DVI file is first converted to Postscript ($204\times 196$\,dpi
  or $204\times 98$\,dpi) and then to FAX G3 using
  \texttt{ghostscript} (\texttt{faxg3} device).
\item[allcm, allec, allneeded] \teTeX's DVI drivers generate missing
  bitmap fonts on demand (the first time they are needed). If you
  start with a fresh installation, you don't have any bitmap fonts and
  the delay caused by font generation might be too annoying for you.
  In that case, the three scripts \texttt{allcm, allec and allneeded}
  can help you. \texttt{allcm} and \texttt{allec} create a few DVI
  files (using \LaTeX) which use lots of fonts at various sizes and run
  these DVI files through \texttt{dvips}. This triggers the generation
  of the most commonly used Computer Modern (\texttt{allcm}) and
  European Computer Modern (\texttt{allec}) fonts respectively. You
  might already have DVI files and want to generate just the bitmap
  fonts needed by these documents. This can be done by the
  \texttt{allneeded} script.  This script will search a given set of
  directories for DVI files and run them through \texttt{dvips}. All
  these scripts just trigger font generation. \LaTeX{} and DVI files
  generated by \texttt{allcm}/\texttt{allec} are removed when the
  program terminates. Postscript output that is generated by
  \texttt{dvips} is sent to \texttt{/dev/null}.
  
  These programs accept the command line option ``\texttt{-r}'' (must
  be the first option) to generate files for the magnification $707 /
  1000$ which is used by \texttt{dvired}. \texttt{allneeded} passes
  options which correspond to existing file or directory names to
  \texttt{find} (for locating DVI files). All other options given to
  any of these three utilities are passed to \texttt{dvips}. So, by
  passing \texttt{-D \textit{NNN} -mfmode \textit{some-mode}} or
  \texttt{-P \textit{some-printer}}, you can generate fonts for a
  specific resolution (\texttt{\textit{NNN}}) and mode
  (\texttt{\textit{some-mode}}) or for a specific printer
  (\texttt{\textit{printer}}).
\end{description}


\section{Concepts and configuration}

\subsection{The \TeX{} Directory Structure (TDS)}
\teTeX{}'s support tree with fonts, macros, documentation and other
files (from now on called the ``texmf tree'') follows a certain
structure: the \TeX{} Directory Structure (TDS). This is a standard
developed by a \TeX{} Working Group of TUG. The TDS is defined in a
way so that can be used by different implementations of \TeX{} on
different platforms.  Today, several \TeX{} distributions follow this
standard: \teTeX, \TeX{} Live, fp\TeX{} and miktex, only to mention
some.  You need to understand this structure if you want to build your
own texmf tree (e.g.,\@ with all your local additions) or add files
into an existing texmf tree.  The list of all texmf trees (optionally
using some notation called ``brace expansion'' and \verb+!!+
modifiers; the kpathsea manual
explains this in detail) can be obtained by:\\
\null\qquad\verb+kpsewhich -expand-var='$TEXMF'+ %$ 


\def\replaceable#1{{\rmfamily $\langle$\textit{#1}$\rangle$}}
Table
\ref{tab:tds} gives a short overview of the TDS. It shows the proper
location inside the TDS tree for several kind of files. The complete
documentation for TDS can be accessed by
\dlink{../../../texmf-dist/doc/help}{tds}{\dviext}. If you want to see some examples, just
look at the main texmf tree of \teTeX. It has several thousand
files.\bigskip

\begin{table}[htbp]
  \centering
  \begin{tabular}{cl}
    \toprule
    \TeX{} macros & tex/\replaceable{format}/\replaceable{package}/\\
    font files &  
    fonts/\replaceable{type}/\replaceable{supplier}/\replaceable{typeface}/ \\
    \MF{} files & metafont/\replaceable{package}/ \\
    documentation & doc/\replaceable{package}/ \\
    sources & source/\replaceable{package}/\\
    \BibTeX{} files & bibtex/\{bst,bib\}/\replaceable{package}/\\
    \bottomrule
  \end{tabular}
  \caption{TDS: an overview}
  \label{tab:tds}
\end{table}

The replaceable parts in this table mean:
\begin{description}
\item[\replaceable{format}] The name of the \TeX{} format, e.g.,\@
  \texttt{latex} or \texttt{amstex}.
\item[\replaceable{package}] The name of the package to which the file
  belongs, e.g.,\@ \texttt{babel} or \texttt{seminar}.
\item[\replaceable{type}] The name of the type of a font file, e.g.,\@
  \texttt{pk} (packed bitmap), \texttt{tfm} (tex font metric),
  \texttt{afm} (adobe font metric), \texttt{vf} (virtual font),
  or \texttt{source} (\MF{} source).
\item[\replaceable{supplier}] The name of the font supplier (to whom
  the font file belongs), e.g.,\@ \texttt{adobe} or \texttt{urw}.
\item[\replaceable{typeface}] The name of the typeface name (for this
  font file), e.g.,\@ \texttt{times} or \texttt{cm} (for Computer
  Modern).
\end{description}

It is important to know that the default search paths in \teTeX{} rely
on this directory structure. So, if you add a file to the wrong
directory tree, e.g.,\@ a TeX macro somewhere in the \texttt{fonts}
subtree, that file will not be found correctly.

\subsection{Overview of the predefined texmf trees}
As described in the previous section, each texmf tree follows a well
defined directory structure. This section lists all predefined texmf
trees and their intended purpose. The command \verb+texconfig conf+
shows you the values of the variables below, so that you can easily
find out how they map to directory names in your installation.

\begin{description}
\item [TEXMFCONFIG] The tree specified by this variable will be used
  by te\TeX's utilities \verb+texconfig+, \verb+updmap+ and \verb+fmtutil+
  to store modified configuration data.
\item [TEXMFVAR] The tree specified by this variable will by used by
  the utilities \verb+texconfig+, \verb+updmap+ and \verb+fmtutil+ to
  store (cached) runtime data such as format files and generated map
  files.
\item [TEXMFHOME] The expansion of this variable typically depends on \verb+$HOME+, % $
  so this dynamically adjusts for each user to an individual
  directory. The idea is to allow users to store their own versions of
  macros, fonts etc. in this tree.
\item [TEXMFSYSCONFIG] The tree specified by this variable will be
  used used by the utilities \verb+texconfig-sys+, \verb+updmap-sys+
  and \verb+fmtutil-sys+ to store modified configuration data.
\item [TEXMSYSFVAR] The tree specified by this variable will by used
  by \verb+texconfig-sys+, \verb+updmap-sys+ and \verb+fmtutil-sys+ to
  store (cached) runtime data such as format files and generated map
  files.
\item [TEXMFMAIN] This variable specifies the texmf tree where some
  vital parts of the system are installed, such as helper scripts
  (e.g. \verb+web2c/mktexdir+), pool files and other support files.
\item [TEXMFLOCAL] This variable names a directory tree which should
  be used for system-wide installation of additional or updated macro
  packages, fonts etc.
\item [TEXMFDIST] This variable names the directory tree which holds
  the macros, fonts etc. as originally distributed.
\end{description}

\subsection{The file name database (ls-R)}
texmf trees can get very large and to speed up searching in such a
tree, a file name database is used. A file name database exists in the
root of each texmf tree and has the name \verb+ls-R+. It should list
each file in the texmf tree. The command \verb+texhash+ can be used to
build an up-to-date file name database for each texmf tree. It should
be used after files have been added to a texmf tree. However, you
don't need to run \verb+texhash+ for files added by the automatic font
generation or the \texttt{texconfig} utility.


\subsection{Runtime configuration (texmf.cnf file)}
\label{ss:texmfcnf}
Search paths and other definitions (e.g.,\@ the static sizes of some
arrays in \TeX{} or other programs) can be set up in configuration
files named \texttt{texmf.cnf}. By changing the definitions in these
configuration files (\teTeX's main \texttt{texmf.cnf} is
\path|web2c/texmf.cnf| in the main texmf tree), the behavior of
programs can be changed without recompiling them. Chapters 3 and 4 of
the kpathsea manual (\dlink{../../../texmf-dist/doc/programs}{kpathsea}{\docext}) describe
the path searching configuration in detail. Section 2.5 of the Web2c
manual (\dlink{../../../texmf-dist/doc/programs}{web2c}{\docext}) describes some
interesting runtime parameters that you might want to change.

Some changes to the array sizes require you to rebuild the dump files
that the program uses. Run the command \verb+texconfig init+ to
rebuild all dump files after you have changed one of the array sizes.

This implementation of \TeX{} can read and write files (as can every
implementation of \TeX) and it can also call external commands (via
the \verb+\write18+ stream). Some variables in the \verb+texmf.cnf+
file control access to these features. The possibility to call
external commands can be turned on or off (default is off). Access to
file beginning ``\verb+.+'' is disallowed in restricted mode (default
for reading files). In paranoid mode, file access is even more
restricted and you cannot access files outside the current directory
tree (default for writing files). If the first line of a document starts with \verb+%&+,
it can be used to pass the name of the format file and/or a TCX file.
Parsing the first line, is an extension that can be turned on or off
(default is off) in the \verb+texmf.cnf+ file.

\subsection{Using Postscript type 1 fonts}
For every font you use with \TeX, a TFM (\TeX{} font metric) file is
needed. Type~1 fonts usually do not have the same encoding that is
used by \TeX{}, so additional metrics that do some re-encoding (virtual
font files) are often needed. For a lot of font families, these font
metric files and additional map files that you need (see below) can be
found on CTAN servers in the directory \path|fonts|. If
support for your fonts cannot be found there, you can use the
\verb+fontinst+ utility (documentation:
\dlink{../../../texmf-dist/doc/fontinst/base}{fontinst}{\dviext}) to create these.

Postscript type 1 fonts can be used by \texttt{dvips}, \texttt{dvipdfm}, \texttt{xdvi},
\texttt{gsftopk}, \texttt{ps2pk} and pdf\TeX. All of these programs
require that you set up map files for these fonts. To ease the process
of adding map file entries to the configuration files that are used by
these tools, you should follow the following steps:
\begin{itemize}
\item if your fonts already come with a map file, put that
  file into the \path|fonts/map/dvips/misc| directory in the main texmf tree.
\item otherwise, you will need to create a map file yourself,
  using the syntax as described in the dvips manual
  (\dlink{../../../texmf-dist/doc/programs}{dvips}{\dviext}); make sure to set up these fonts
  as ``download fonts'', not as ``built in'' fonts.
\item run the command \verb+texhash+ and then make the map file known
  to \verb+updmap+ by running the command %
  \verb+updmap --enable Map file.map+ (where %
  \verb+file.map+ denotes the filename of your map
  file)
\end{itemize}

The programs \verb+gsftopk+ and \verb+ps2pk+ convert Postscript type 1
fonts into bitmap fonts and make these fonts accessible to DVI drivers 
that do not directly support Postscript type 1 fonts. This
conversion is automatically invoked by the \verb+mktexpk+
script. That script calls \verb+gsftopk+ by default. If you do not
have installed the \verb+ghostscript+ program (which \verb+gsftopk+
needs), or if you want to use \verb+ps2pk+ for other reasons (e.g.,
because it is usually faster) you just need to define the variable
\verb+ps_to_pk+ to \verb+ps2pk+. This variable can be set in your
environment or in the \verb+mktex.cnf+ file (see below).

\subsection{Configuration files maintained by texconfig}
\label{sec:cfgtexconfig}
The \texttt{texconfig} utility is a user interface for changing the
configuration of the \teTeX{} system. The configuration is stored in
several individual files. This section documents the names of these
files, their location in the texmf tree and their content. This
explains how \texttt{texconfig} works and enables you to manually
configure parameters which are not supported by \texttt{texconfig}.

\begin{itemize}
\item \path|dvips/config/config.ps| stores configuration information for
  \texttt{dvips}. The default values are: 600\,dpi resolution; ljfour
  \MF{} mode; A4 paper; offset for printing: 0pt,0pt; output goes to
  \texttt{lpr} command.
\item \path|tex/generic/config/pdftexconfig.tex| This file sets some
  defaults for pdf\TeX{}, e.g.\@ the default paper size. This
  information is dumped into format files, so if you modify this file
  directly (without using texconfig), you have to rebuild the format
  files by using the command \verb+fmtutil --all+.
\item \path|xdvi/XDvi| This file sets some defaults (e.g. media size,
  metafont mode) for \verb+xdvi+.  It is read via the app-default
  mechanism of X11. You can override these app-defaults as usual
  (i.e.\@ via a file \verb+~/.Xdefaults+ or with resources managed by
  \verb+xrdb+).
\item \path|dvipdfm/config| defines the defaults for \verb+dvipdfm+,
  e.g.\@ the default paper size, the command to convert encapsulated
  postscript graphics into PDF etc.
\item \path|web2c/mktex.cnf| This file sets the default metafont mode
  used for automatically generated bitmap fonts, the resolution which
  is used in scripts (e.g. \verb+mktextfm+) and a list of ``features''
  used for automatic font generation. The most important ``features''
  are described below; for a full list, see section 2.2.9.1 of the
  kpathsea manual
  (\dlink{../../../texmf-dist/doc/programs}{kpathsea}{\docext}).
  \begin{description}
  \item [appendonlydir] Set the sticky bit on directories that have to
    be created. The sticky bit has the effect that a file in such a
    directory can only be removed by the owner of that directory or by
    the owner of that file.
  \item [varfonts] When this option is enabled, fonts that would
    otherwise be written to some texmf tree go below the
    \verb+VARTEXFONTS+ directory instead.  The default value is in
    \path|/var/tmp/texfonts|.  The ``Linux File System Standard''
    recommends \path|/var/tex/fonts|.  The \verb+varfonts+ setting in
    \verb+MT_FEATURES+ is overridden by the environment variable
    \verb+USE_VARTEXFONTS+: if set to 1, the feature is enabled, and
    if set to 0, the feature is disabled.
  \item [texmfvar] Force generated files that would go into a system
    tree (as defined by \verb+SYSTEXMF+) into \verb+TEXMFVAR+. The
    \verb+varfonts+ feature takes precedence if also set. A user can
    override this setting in either direction by setting
    \verb+USE_TEXMFVAR+ to 1 or 0.
  \end{description}
\item \path|web2c/updmap.cfg| controls how \verb+updmap+ generates map
  files for all supported tools. Besides some general parameters, all
  active map files are listed here.
\item \path|web2c/fmtutil.cnf| This file defines which format files
  are built (and how) and which file can be used to customize the
  hyphenation patterns that are loaded into these formats. The
  programs \verb+fmtutil+ and \verb+texlinks+ (which are automatically
  called if the formats are set up via \verb+texconfig+) operate on
  this file. \verb+fmtutil+ can be used to create the format files
  according to the ``rules'' defined in \verb+fmtutil.cnf+ (for a
  brief description, just call \verb+fmtutil --help+). If you define a
  new format file, you usually also need a symbolic link with the name
  for the format to the appropriate \TeX{} engine (e.g.,
  \verb+latex+~$\to$~\verb+tex+). To create these links, just call the
  \verb+texlinks+ script.
\item hyphenation setup files as defined in \path|web2c/fmtutil.cnf|:
  the third field of the file \path|fmtutil.cnf| defines names of
  files which can be edited to customize hyphenation (for the format
  which is named in the first field). Since \path|fmtutil.cnf| itself
  is a configuration file, the list of files in the third field might
  vary.  Table~\ref{tab:hyphx} shows the names of the files used in
  the default configuration.
  \begin{table}[htbp]
    \centering
    \begin{tabular}{ll}
      \toprule
      file name & used by format\\
      \midrule
      \path|tex/context/config/cont-usr.tex| & cont-en\\
      \path|tex/generic/config/language.dat| & latex, pdflatex\\
      \path|tex/lambda/config/language.dat|  & lambda, lamed\\
      \path|tex/plain/config/language.def|   & etex, pdfetex\\
      \bottomrule
    \end{tabular}
    \caption{files for setting up hyphenation}
    \label{tab:hyphx}
  \end{table}
  Additional files (used by formats that are disabled in the default
  configuration) are: \path|platex/config/language.dat| and
  \path|mex/config/mexconf.tex|.
\end{itemize}


\subsection{Automatic font generation}
By setting various ``features'' (see \ref{sec:cfgtexconfig}) the
automatic font generation can be customized in many ways.  The tool
\verb+texconfig+ offers support in configuring and setting up the
directories where automatically generated fonts end up.

In the default configuration of te\TeX, all automatically generated
fonts end up in the directory tree which is specified by the
\verb+VARTEXFONTS+ variable. The command line mode of \verb+texconfig+
(\emph{not} the interactive mode) allows you to manipulate the path
and the permissions of this directory tree and also adjusts the
``features'' for automatic font generation to match the chosen
directory permissions:

\begin{description}
\item [texconfig font vardir DIR] This changes the path which is
  stored in the \verb+VARTEXFONTS+ variable to \verb+DIR+. You must
  have write permissions to the main \verb+texmf.cnf+ file, because
  the variable is stored there.
\item [texconfig font rw] This makes the \verb+VARTEXFONTS+ directory
  (and subtrees \verb+pk+, \verb+tfm+, \verb+source+) world writable
  and sets the ``features'' \verb+appendonlydir+ and \verb+varfonts+
  in the config file \verb+mktex.cnf+. To change the global
  \verb+mktex.cnf+ file (instead of modifying an individual copy), use
  \verb+texconfig-sys+ instead of \verb+texconfig+.
\item [texconfig font ro] This makes the \verb+VARTEXFONTS+ directory
  (and subtrees \verb+pk+, \verb+tfm+, \verb+source+) writable for the
  owner only and sets the ``features'' \verb+texmfvar+ in the config
  file \verb+mktex.cnf+. To change the global \verb+mktex.cnf+ file
  (instead of modifying an individual copy), use \verb+texconfig-sys+
  instead of \verb+texconfig+.
\end{description}

The assumption behind the manipulations of \verb+texconfig+ is that
you set up a world-writable \verb+VARTEXFONTS+ tree if you want all
generated fonts (by all users) to be stored there. If you set the
global \verb+VARTEXFONTS+ tree to read-only, then the \verb+texmfvar+
is activated which results in a user-specific default destination for
automatically generated fonts (\verb+$TEXMFVAR/fonts+). % $

\subsection{TCX files}
TCX (\TeX{} character translation) files help \TeX{} support direct
input of 8-bit international characters if fonts containing those
characters are being used.  Specifically, they map an input (keyboard)
character code to the internal \TeX{} character code (a superset of
ASCII).

\teTeX{} has the TCX files \verb+il1-t1.tcx+ and \verb+il2-t1.tcx+
which support ISO Latin 1 and ISO Latin 2, respectively, with
Cork-encoded fonts (a.k.a.: the T1 encoding).  TCX files for Czech,
Polish, and Slovak are also provided.

All TCX files that are distributed as part of \teTeX{} can be found in
the web2c subdirectory of the main texmf tree; their file name
extension is \verb+.tcx+.

You can specify a TCX file to be used for a particular \TeX{} run by
specifying the command-line option
\hbox{\texttt{-translate-file=\textsl{tcxfile}}} or (preferably)
specifying it explicitly in the first line of the main document
\hbox{\texttt{\%\& -translate-file=\textsl{tcxfile}}}. Note, however,
that parsing the first line of an input file in an extension that is
disabled by default and has to be turned on via command line switch
(\verb+-parse-first-line+) or in the \verb+texmf.cnf+ file (see
section \ref{ss:texmfcnf}).

When processing a document using a TCX file, you usually must not
use \LaTeX's \verb+inputenc+ package. One exception to this rule are
TCX files that map all characters to their original position such as
\verb+cp8bit.tcx+, \verb+cp227.tcx+ and \verb+natural.tcx+.  The purpose
of these TCX files is to manipulate the ``printability'' attribute in
\TeX's internal tables.

\subsection{Creating PDF files}
If you want to create PDF documents with the help of \TeX, there are
at least three different ways to do this
\begin{enumerate}
\item translate your \TeX{} sources directly into PDF by using pdf\TeX.
\item translate DVI files generated by \TeX{} into PDF by using the
  \texttt{dvipdfm} program (now included in \teTeX).
\item translate a Postscript file generated by \TeX{} and
  \texttt{dvips} into PDF by using Adobe Acrobat or
  the \texttt{ps2pdf} utility included in ghostscript. 
\end{enumerate}
When using \texttt{ps2pdf}, you should make sure to use at least
version 6.50 of ghostscript. Earlier versions are known to have
serious restrictions on creating PDF output.

No matter which approach you use, there is one common rule when creating
quality PDF files: you should avoid bitmap fonts. They just display
very poorly on screen when used in PDF documents (which is caused by
poor bitmap rendering of Adobe Acrobat Reader in all versions up to 5.x).

Using only the fonts provided by \teTeX, you have more choices for
which fonts to use.  The following typeface families are included in
Postscript type~1 format:
\begin{itemize}
\item Computer Modern and the AMS fonts (extended versions with
  polish, czech and slovak and russian letters are available, too); a
  special extension to Computer Modern providing lots of additional
  characters (most, but not exclusively accents) are the Latin Modern
  fonts
\item the full set of the 35 basic ``LaserWriter fonts'' (see psnfss
  documentation, supporting other fonts are pazo, tx/px fonts)
\item Bitstream Charter
\end{itemize}

The EC fonts are not included in type 1 format in te\TeX. If
you have a \LaTeX{} document that uses EC fonts, you have at
least two ways to get around this problem. The first is to stop
using EC fonts---which can in most cases be done by switching
to the Latin Modern fonts. Usually, the EC fonts are activated by
\verb+\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}+ or \verb+\usepackage{t1enc}+ and you
just have to add \verb+\usepackage{lmodern}+. The second is to use the
CM-SUPER Type~1 fonts, not included in \teTeX, but available on CTAN
servers in the directory \path|fonts/ps-type1/cm-super|. This package is
pretty huge, but it contains all EC fonts in outline format and much more.

If the Latin Modern solution works for you, this is the recommended
one for the following reasons:
\begin{itemize}
\item quality: the Latin Modern fonts have been created by using a
  better technology and they have been carefully hand-optimized
  (hinting, kerning, accent positioning etc.)
\item the Latin Modern fonts are already included in te\TeX
\item the resulting files are usually much smaller
\end{itemize}

\section{Release notes for te\TeX{} 2.0}
Some default settings of ``\texttt{tex}, the Web2C implementation of
\TeX'' have changed.  We determined that some extensions were in fact
in conflict with the strict definition of TeX as laid down by Knuth.

The most notable change is that parsing of \verb+%&+ constructs in the
first line of an input file is now disabled by default -- it can be
enabled in \texttt{texmf.cnf} if you desire this.  In that case, tex
will announce itself as ``TeXk'' and print an additional banner line
saying
that \verb+%&+-line parsing is enabled.
  
We may encounter more places where the default behaviour is not what
it should be, and proceed to make this optional (and by default off)
in future versions of Web2C.


\section{Release notes for te\TeX{} 3.0}
This section briefly describes what has changed since the last major
release.

\subsection{New programs / font support / macro packages}
Two programs (see section \ref{sec:components}) have been added with
this release: Aleph and dvipng. Many macro packages have been added,
too.  The largest additions are the packages beamer and memoir. In the
fonts sections, some additions and updates have happened, too. The
largest change in this area is the addition of the Latin Modern Fonts
(\verb+lmodern+) in Postscript Type 1 format. These fonts are not as
exhaustive as the \verb+cmsuper+ fonts, but they are of very good
quality and sufficient for languages which use Latin characters. Using
the Latin Modern Fonts is in most cases preferable over using the
\verb+ae+ fonts (e.g. PDF files with accents are searchable, text
extraction works better).

\subsection{Changes to web2c}
\begin{itemize}
\item \TeX{} now uses the new \verb+tex.web+ (version 3.141592) from
  December 2002 (fixed \verb+\xleaders+, glueset, weird alignments).
\item enc\TeX{} (see
  \dlink{../../../texmf-dist/doc/generic/enctex}{encdoc-e}{\dviext})),
  a \TeX{} extension by Petr Ol\v s\'ak for input reencoding is now
  available (for non Omega based engines). The new functionality is
  enabled by setting the \verb+-enc+ switch at format generation time.
  It defines 10 new primitives which can be used to control \TeX{}'s
  internal character translation tables and proper multibyte input
  (e.g. for handling UTF-8).
\item The \verb+\input+ primitive in \verb+tex+ (and \verb+mf+ and
  \verb+mpost+) now accepts double quotes containing spaces and other
  special characters.  Typical examples:
\begin{verbatim}
\input "filename with spaces"   % plain
\input{"filename with spaces"}  % latex
\end{verbatim}
See the Web2C manual for more: \dlink{../../../texmf-dist/doc/programs}{web2c}{\docext}.
\end{itemize}

\subsection{Modifications to the directory structure and file searching}
\begin{description}

\item [split of texmf trees] The instruction of installing te\TeX{}
  from the sources that I provide have been changed. The unpacked
  texmf tarball (\verb+$prefix/share/texmf-dist+, %$
  set up as \verb+$TEXMFDIST+ %$
  in \verb+texmf.cnf+) is no longer mixed with the files that are
  installed via ``\verb+make install+'' from building and installing
  the program sources. These files (e.\,g. format files) that are more
  tied up with the programs end up in the directory
  \verb+$prefix/share/texmf+ (\verb+$TEXMFMAIN+).
  
  So, the content of the texmf tarball remains completely unchanged
  in \verb+$TEXMFDIST+ %$
  and can easily be replaced with a new version without loosing other
  runtime files that are not provided elsewhere.

\item [changed location for font map files] Following a change
  introduced with version 1.1 of the \TeX{} Directory Structure (see
  \dlink{../../../texmf-dist/doc/help}{tds}{\dviext}), font map files
  (\verb+.map+) are now only searched in subdirectories of
  \verb+fonts/map+ in each \verb+texmf+ tree. The subdirectories of
  \verb+fontname+, \verb+dvips+ and \verb+pdftex+ are no longer
  searched for these files. The \verb+texmf+ trees from this
  distribution follows this convention, but you might need to
  rearrange some files if you maintain a local \verb+texmf+ tree.
  
  Within the \verb+fonts/map+ tree the files are organized by syntax
  and package. Known map file syntaxes are \verb+dvips+ (this is the
  most common one), \verb+pdftex+ (a superset of the \verb+dvips+
  syntax, e.\,g. the psname field is optional), \verb+dvipdfm+ and
  \verb+vtex+. If some file is stored within the
  \verb+fonts/map/dvips+ subtree, this does not mean that \verb+dvips+
  is the only program that accesses these files. Other programs which
  support the same syntax can use these files as well. It's just that
  the program \verb+dvips+ has given its name for this syntax.
  
  The next directory level specifies the package that the map file
  belongs to.  Example: the file \verb+charter.map+ of the
  \verb+psnfss+ package follows the syntax of \verb+dvips+, so it is
  stored in \verb+fonts/map/dvips/psnfss/charter.map+.
  
  If you happen to see that some application cannot find a map file
  which is stored in a wrong location, you have to move that file to
  the right location. Try to find out the syntax and the package that
  the file belongs to. If unsure, you can always choose ``unknown'',
  since the only restriction for the directory tree below
  \verb+fonts/map+ is that all file names are unique. The precise
  \verb+<syntax>/<package>+ subdirectory does not affect searching. Do
  not forget to update the filename database (\verb+ls-R+) by running
  the command \verb+mktexlsr+ (resp.  \verb+texhash+ which is the
  same).

\item [changed search path for map files] Map files used to be
  searched along the \verb+$TEXCONFIG+ % $
  variable (``dvips config'' format in terms of kpathsea internals).
  This has been changed to the \verb+$TEXFONTMAPS+ % $
  variable (``map'' format). The new location of the font map files is
  included in the new default setting of \verb+$TEXFONTMAPS+, % $
  but not in the default setting of \verb+$TEXCONFIG+. % $
  The result is that an old application that searches font map files
  along the ``dvips config'' format will not work.
  
  For the ``C'' API of kpathsea this change means that map files
  should be accessed using \verb+kpse_fontmap_format+ instead of
  \verb+kpse_dvips_config_format+. For scripts that use kpsewhich, one
  has to make sure that \verb+--format=map+ is used to search font map
  files.
  
\item [changed location for font encoding files] Together with font
  map files (see above), the font encoding files have been given a new
  location, too. The new location is
  \verb+fonts/enc/<syntax>/<package>+. So, if you happen to see some
  application to fail finding a font encoding file, just move it to
  the right location in the texmf tree and update the filename
  database.
  
\item [omission of ``engine'' directories] Within the texmf trees, the
  directory trees associated with the names of \TeX{} engines (e.\,g.
  \verb+etex+, \verb+pdftex+, \verb+omega+, \verb+mltex+) are no
  longer searched for \TeX{} macro packages. This means that the \verb+$TEXINPUTS+ %$
  search path now lies completely within the \verb+tex+ subtree.
  
  If you are using the above mentioned ``obsolete'' locations for
  \TeX{} macro packages, you have to move them into the \verb+tex+
  directory tree.
\end{description}


\subsection{Changes to texconfig / updmap / fmtutil}
\label{sec:texconfig-changes}
Following the new directory layout, it is desired not to modify
the directory tree specified by the \verb+$TEXMFDIST+ % $
variable any more. This makes it necessary to redirect generated
output (e.g. map files created by updmap, updated config files)
somewhere else.

A new approach was taken by the implementation in te\TeX-3.0: two new
variables have been introduced to specify where to store this data:
\medskip

\begin{tabular}{ll}
  TEXMFCONFIG & configuration data\\
  TEXMFVAR & variable (cached) runtime data
\end{tabular}
\medskip

If a te\TeX{} installation is shared among several users, each of them
can now use te\TeX{}'s configuration tools. For each of the three
programs, a \verb+-sys+ variant exists. Calling this variant, e.g.
\verb+texconfig-sys+, is the same as calling the regular variant,
except that the variables TEXMFCONFIG and TEXMFVAR are redirected to
TEXMFSYSCONFIG and TEXMFSYSVAR respectively. This means that the
output trees for these commands will be TEXMFSYSCONFIG and
TEXMFSYSVAR.

The idea behind this is as follows: in the default settings of te\TeX,
the variables TEXMFCONFIG and TEXMFVAR point to directories within the
user's home directories. This means that each user can have his own
configuration, but this makes it difficult to change the global
defaults. That's where TEXMFSYSCONFIG and TEXMFSYSVAR come into play.
These global trees are included in the search paths of all users. By
using the \verb+-sys+ variant of the tools mentioned above, it becomes
easy to administrate the global defaults. So, if for example, some
administrator installs a font-package that comes with a map file in a
system's tree (e.g.  TEXMFLOCAL), then he should use \verb+updmap-sys+
to add the new map file to the global configuration.


\subsection{Changes to pdf\TeX{}}
\begin{itemize}
\item All parameters previously set through the special configuration
  file \verb+pdftex.cfg+ must now be set through primitives;
  \verb+pdftex.cfg+ is no longer supported. Some settings (e.g. the
  default papersize) are loaded via \verb+pdftexconfig.tex+ into the
  format files.
\item \verb+\pdfmapfile+ and \verb+\pdfmapline+ provide font map
  support from within a document.
\item Microtypographic font expansion can be used more easily.\\
  \url{http://www.ntg.nl/pipermail/ntg-pdftex/2004-May/000504.html}
\item See the pdf\TeX\ manual for more:
  \dlink{../../../texmf-dist/doc/pdftex/manual}{pdftex-a}{\pdfext}.
\end{itemize}

\subsection{pdfetex: the new default \TeX{} engine}
te\TeX{} uses \verb+pdfetex+ for all formats except ``good-old''
\verb+tex+. So, if you run \verb+latex+, the underlying engine will be
\verb+pdfetex+. Some (broken) \TeX{} macros assume that pdf\TeX{} is
running in PDF generation mode if they detect primitives that
pdf\TeX{} has introduced (e.g. \verb+\pdfoutput+). This is wrong,
since pdf\TeX{} can also be used (and is used) to generate DVI output.
A reliable way of detecting PDF output mode is implemented in
\verb+ifpdf.sty+ which works for plain \TeX{} as well as \LaTeX.


\subsection{Changes to xdvik}
\begin{itemize}
\item On supported platforms the default toolkit of \verb+xdvi+
   is now Motif. The GUIs for both toolkits (Motif and Xaw) have
   been updated: There is a page list for easier navigation and
   improved menus.  The Motif version now has a toolbar and a
   `Preferences' dialog for advanced customizations.

   User preferences that are set via this dialog, the `Options'
   menu and other dialogs are now saved in a file
   \verb+~/.xdvirc+. This file overrides other X defaults, but
   not the command-line options. (The option `\verb+-q+' and the X resource
   `\verb+.noInitFile+' can be used to disable
   this feature).

\item The new GUI elements can be selectively toggled via the
   option or the X resource `\verb+-expertmode+', which should be
   used instead of `\verb+-expert+'\slash`\verb+-statusline+'.

\item The functionality of \verb+oxdvi+ has been merged into
   \verb+xdvi+; \verb+oxdvi+ no longer exists as a separate binary.

\item \verb+Xdvi+ now supports string search and text selection
   in DVI files (menu `Modes $\rightarrow$ Text Selection'),
   printing DVI files and exporting them in PDF, Postscript and
   plain text format. Pages can be marked with Mouse-2 in the
   page list to select them for printing\slash saving.

\item By default, \verb+xdvi+ will create a backup copy of the
   DVI file so that viewing and navigating still works when the
   DVI file is being written by \TeX.

\item Other new features include: Support for color specials and
   colored hyperlinks (customizable via the `\verb+linkstyle+
   option and X resource), a `\verb+-watchfile+' option, a
   `\verb+-unique+' option for loading new files into a running
   instance of \verb+xdvi+, support for hyperrefs `hdvips'
   specials, and a history of recently viewed files via the menu
   `File $\rightarrow$ Open Recent'.
\end{itemize}

\subsection{Changes to dvipsk}
\begin{itemize}
\item The functionality of \verb+odvips+ has been merged into
  \verb+dvips+; \verb+odvips+ no longer exists as a separate binary.
\item Fonts used in included graphics files are no longer partially
  downloaded.
\end{itemize}


\subsection{Improved documentation}
\begin{itemize}
\item The file \verb+doc/index.html+ in the distributed texmf tree
  provides a much improved overview of the included documentation and
  also provides a search facility for various \TeX{} related
  information sources.
  
  This file is generated by a PHP script which is included in te\TeX{}
  as well.
\item The PHP script \verb+doc/texdoc.php+ is able to offer a web
  interface to the information provided in texdoctk databases.
\end{itemize}

\section{Resources}

This section describes where you can find further (or more up-to-date)
material and support in the world of \TeX.


\subsection{Helpindex file for the documentation tree}
The file \path+index.html+ in the root of \teTeX's
documentation tree is a guide for the documentation that is included
in \teTeX. It is a good point to start when you want to browse through
the documentation or search for the solution of a specific problem.

\subsection{Internet Newsgroups}
If you encounter a problem which might not be \teTeX{} specific, but
rather a general problem with \TeX{} or \LaTeX{} (e.g.,\@ ``How can I
format a section heading in a different way?''), you should not raise
your question on one of the mailing lists for \teTeX. In the following
newsgroups, \TeX-related matters are discussed:
\begin{description}
\item [comp.text.tex] General things about \TeX{}.
\item [news.answers] FAQs (also \TeX-related FAQs).
\item [comp.answers] FAQs (also \TeX-related FAQs).
\item [de.comp.text.tex] General things about \TeX{} (German).
\item [fr.comp.text.tex] General things about \TeX{} (French).
\item [comp.fonts] Font matters.
\item [comp.programming.literate] Literate programming.
\end{description}

\subsection{\TeX{} User Groups}
If you enjoy \TeX{}, you can join a \TeX{} user group to get support
and software and help the \TeX{} community by your membership. The web
site of the \TeX{} User Group (TUG), \path|http://tug.org/| has the
necessary contact information for several \TeX{} user groups.


\subsection{Mailing Lists}
All \teTeX{} mailing lists are hosted on the same server which is
managed by Majordomo software. Administrative requests,
e.g.,\@ to (un)subscribe or to get an archive of a list are handled by
the address: \path|majordomo@dbs.uni-hannover.de| To get a list
of available commands that the Majordomo server understands, just send the
message ``help'' to the server (in the body of a message, not in the
header). The lists are:
\begin{description}
\item[tetex] General discussions + bug reports about \teTeX. General
  \TeX{} matters that are not \teTeX-specific are not discussed.
  Especially general questions about \TeX{} should \emph{not} be
  directed to this list; use a newsgroup instead.
\item[tetex-announce] This (moderated, low traffic) list is used for
  important announcements about \teTeX, such as new releases or important
  updates.
\item[tetex-pretest] This is used to discuss beta versions of \teTeX{}
  and to report bugs in these versions. Bug reports about official
  (non-beta) releases should not be send here, but to the \texttt{tetex}
  list.
\end{description}

Some of the packages which are contained in \teTeX{} (e.g.,\@ Omega
and pdf\TeX) have special mailing lists or web resources on their own.
The web site of TUG, \path+http://tug.org/+ has links to many of them.


\subsection{Comprehensive TeX Archive Network (CTAN)}
To aid the archiving and retrieval of \TeX{}-related files, a TUG
(TeX User Group) working group developed the Comprehensive \TeX{}
Archive Network (CTAN).  Each CTAN site has identical material, and
maintains authoritative versions of its material.  These collections
are extensive; in particular, almost everything mentioned in this
article is archived at the CTAN sites, even if its location isn't
explicitly stated.

The CTAN sites are currently \verb|dante.ctan.org|,
\verb|cam.ctan.org| and \verb|tug.ctan.org|.  The organization of
\TeX{} files on all these sites is identical and starts at
\path|/tex-archive|.  To reduce network load, please use the CTAN site
or mirror closest to you.  A complete and current list of CTAN sites
and known mirrors can be obtained by using the \verb|finger| utility
on `user' \verb|ctan@cam.ctan.org| (it also works with the other CTAN
hosts); it is also available as file \path|help/ctan/CTAN.sites| in
\teTeX's documentation tree.


\subsection{The \TeX{} Catalogue}

This catalogue lists many \TeX, \LaTeX, and related packages and
tools.  Most are available worldwide online from CTAN, the
Comprehensive TeX Archive Network. Links are provided in this
catalogue to available sources and documentation. The \teTeX{}
documentation tree contains a version of this catalogue in
\path|help/Catalogue|. The most recent online version is available at
\begin{center}
\url{http://texcatalogue.sarovar.org/}
\end{center}

\subsection{Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)}
Documents which list frequently asked questions and their answers (in
short: FAQs) are collections of solutions to many common problems. The
documentation tree of \teTeX{} contains the \teTeX{} FAQ in the
directory \path|tetex| and the UKTUG FAQ in the directory
\path|help/faq/uktug-faq|. The \teTeX{} FAQ can be read by the
command \verb+texconfig faq+.

\bibliographystyle{plain}
\bibliography{TETEXDOC}

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