# snprintf.c
- a portable implementation of snprintf,
including vsnprintf.c, asnprintf, vasnprintf, asprintf, vasprintf

snprintf is a routine to convert numeric and string arguments to formatted strings. It is similar to sprintf(3) provided in a system's C library, yet it requires an additional argument - the buffer size - and it guarantees never to store anything beyond the given buffer, regardless of the format or arguments to be formatted. Some newer operating systems do provide snprintf in their C library, but many do not or do provide an inadequate (slow or idiosyncratic) version, which calls for a portable implementation of this routine.

## Author

Mark Martinec <mark.martinec@ijs.si>, April 1999, June 2000
Copyright © 1999,2000,2001,2002 Mark Martinec. All rights reserved.

## Terms and conditions ...

This program is free software; it is dual licensed, the terms of the "Frontier Artistic License" or the "GNU General Public License" can be chosen at your discretion. The chosen license then applies solely and in its entirety. Both licenses come with this Kit.

## Features

- careful adherence to specs regarding flags, field width and precision;
- good performance for large string handling (large format, large argument or large paddings). Performance is similar to system's sprintf and in several cases significantly better (make sure you compile with optimizations turned on, tell the compiler the code is strict ANSI if necessary to give it more freedom for optimizations);
- return value semantics per ISO/IEC 9899:1999 ("ISO C99");
- written in standard ISO/ANSI C - requires an ANSI C compiler.

## Supported conversion specifiers and data types

This snprintf only supports the following conversion specifiers: s, c, d, o, u, x, X, p (and synonyms: i, D, U, O - see below) with flags: '-', '+', ' ', '0' and '#'. An asterisk is supported for field width as well as precision.

Length modifiers 'h' (short int), 'l' (long int), and 'll' (long long int) are supported.

NOTE:

> If macro SNPRINTF_LONGLONG_SUPPORT is not defined (default) the length modifier 'll' is recognized but treated the same as 'l', which may cause argument value truncation! Defining SNPRINTF_LONGLONG_SUPPORT requires that your system's sprintf also handles length modifier 'll'. long long int is a language extension which may not be portable.

Conversion of numeric data (conversion specifiers d, o, u, x, X, p) with length modifiers (none or h, l, ll) is left to the system routine sprintf, but all handling of flags, field width and precision as well as c and s conversions is done very carefully by this portable routine. If a string precision (truncation) is specified (e.g. %.8s) it is guaranteed the string beyond the specified precision will not be referenced.

Length modifiers h, l and ll are ignored for c and s conversions (data types wint_t and wchar_t are not supported).

The following common synonyms for conversion characters are supported:

- i is a synonym for d
- D is a synonym for ld, explicit length modifiers are ignored
- U is a synonym for lu, explicit length modifiers are ignored
- O is a synonym for lo, explicit length modifiers are ignored

The D, O and U conversion characters are nonstandard, they are supported for backward compatibility only, and should not be used for new code.

The following is specifically not supported:

- flag ' (thousands' grouping character) is recognized but ignored
- numeric conversion specifiers: f, e, E, g, G and synonym F, as well as the new a and A conversion specifiers
- length modifier 'L' (long double) and 'q' (quad - use 'll' instead)
- wide character/string conversions: lc, ls, and nonstandard synonyms C and S
- writeback of converted string length: conversion character n
- the n$ specification for direct reference to n-th argument
- locales

It is permitted for str_m to be zero, and it is permitted to specify NULL pointer for resulting string argument if str_m is zero (as per ISO C99).

The return value is the number of characters which would be generated for the given input, excluding the trailing null. If this value is greater or equal to str_m, not all characters from the result have been stored in str, output bytes beyond the (str_m-1) -th character are discarded. If str_m is greater than zero it is guaranteed the resulting string will be null-terminated.

NOTE that this matches the ISO C99, OpenBSD, and GNU C library 2.1, but is different from some older and vendor implementations, and is also different from XPG, XSH5, SUSv2 specifications. For historical discussion on changes in the semantics and standards of snprintf see printf(3) man page in the Linux programmers manual.

Routines asprintf and vasprintf return a pointer (in the ptr argument) to a buffer sufficiently large to hold the resulting string. This pointer should be passed to free(3) to release the allocated storage when it is no longer needed. If sufficient space cannot be allocated, these functions will return -1 and set ptr to be a NULL pointer. These two routines are a GNU C library extensions (glibc).

Routines asnprintf and vasnprintf are similar to asprintf and vasprintf, yet, like snprintf and vsnprintf counterparts, will write at most str_m-1 characters into the allocated output string, the last character in the allocated buffer then gets the terminating null. If the formatted string length (the return value) is greater than or equal to the str_m argument, the resulting string was truncated and some of the formatted characters were discarded. These routines present a handy way to limit the amount of allocated memory to some sane value.

## Availability

http://www.ijs.si/software/snprintf/

- snprintf_1.3.tar.gz (1999-06-30), md5 sum: snprintf_1.3.tar.gz.md5 (old)
- snprintf_2.1.tar.gz (2000-07-14), md5 sum: snprintf_2.1.tar.gz.md5 (old)
- snprintf_2.2.tar.gz (2000-10-18), md5 sum: snprintf_2.2.tar.gz.md5 (current)

## Mailing list

There is a very low-traffic mailing list snprintf-announce@ijs.si where announcements about new versions will be posted as well as warnings about threatening bugs if discovered. The posting is restricted to snprintf developer(s).

To subscribe to (or unsubscribe from) the mailing list please visit the list server's web page http://mailman.ijs.si/listinfo/snprintf-announce

You can also subscribe to the list by mailing the command SUBSCRIBE either in the subject or in the message body to the address snprintf-announce-request@ijs.si . You will be asked for confirmation before subscription will be effective.

The list of members is only accessible to the list administrator, so there is no need for concern about automatic e-mail address gatherers.

Questions about the mailing list and concerns for the attention of a person should be sent to snprintf-announce-admin@ijs.si

There is no general discussion list about portable snprintf at the moment. Please send comments and suggestion to the author.

## Known problems with the latest version 2.2

Please add the following two `#include` directives to file snprintf.h if your compiler complains:

> #include <stddef.h>
> #include <stdarg.h>

Only if using test.c, please replace the line 266:

> assert(str_full[sizeof(str_full)-1] == '\0');

in file test.c, with:

> assert(str_full[len1f] == '\0');

(Thanks to Tuomo A Turunen for reporting the later problem.)

This will be fixed in the next version.

## Revision history

Version 1.3 fixes a runaway loop problem from 1.2. Please upgrade.
Version 2.2 fixes a potential %c conversion problem present in all previous versions.

1999-06-30 V1.3 Mark Martinec <mark.martinec@ijs.si>
  - fixed runaway loop (eventually crashing when str_l wraps beyond 2^31) while copying format string without conversion specifiers to a buffer that is too short (thanks to Edwin Young <edwiny@autonomy.com> for spotting the problem);
  - added macros PORTABLE_SNPRINTF_VERSION_(MAJOR|MINOR) to snprintf.h
2000-02-14 V2.0 (never released) Mark Martinec <mark.martinec@ijs.si>
  - relaxed license terms: The Artistic License now applies. You may still apply the GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE as was distributed with previous versions, if you prefer;
  - changed REVISION HISTORY dates to use ISO 8601 date format;
  - added vsnprintf (patch also independently proposed by Caolán McNamara 2000-05-04, and Keith M Willenson 2000-06-01)
2000-06-27 V2.1 Mark Martinec <mark.martinec@ijs.si>
  - removed POSIX check for str_m < 1; value 0 for str_m is allowed by ISO C99 (and GNU C library 2.1) (pointed out on 2000-05-04 by Caolán McNamara, caolan@ csn dot ul dot ie). Besides relaxed license this change in standards adherence is the main reason to bump up the major version number;
  - added nonstandard routines asnprintf, vasnprintf, asprintf, vasprintf that dynamically allocate storage for the resulting string; these routines are not compiled by default, see comments where NEED_V?ASN?PRINTF macros are defined;
  - autoconf contributed by Caolán McNamara
2000-10-06 V2.2 Mark Martinec <mark.martinec@ijs.si>
  - BUG FIX: the %c conversion used a temporary variable that was no longer in scope when referenced, possibly causing incorrect resulting character;
  - BUG FIX: make precision and minimal field width unsigned to handle huge values (2^31 <= n < 2^32) correctly; also be more careful in the use of signed/unsigned/size_t internal variables -- probably more careful than many vendor implementations, but there may still be a case where huge values of str_m, precision or minimal field could cause incorrect behaviour;
  - use separate variables for signed/unsigned arguments, and for short/int, long, and long long argument lengths to avoid possible incompatibilities on certain computer architectures. Also use separate variable arg_sign to hold sign of a numeric argument, to make code more transparent;
  - some fiddling with zero padding and "0x" to make it Linux compatible;
  - systematically use macros fast_memcpy and fast_memset instead of case-by-case hand optimization; determine some breakeven string lengths for different architectures;
  - terminology change: format -> conversion specifier, C9x -> ISO/IEC 9899:1999 ("ISO C99"), alternative form -> alternate form, data type modifier -> length modifier;
  - several comments rephrased and new ones added;
  - make compiler not complain about 'credits' defined but not used;

## Other implementations of snprintf

I am aware of some other (more or less) portable implementations of snprintf. I do not claim they are free software - please refer to their respective copyright and licensing terms. If you know of other versions please let me know.

- Trio is a fully matured and stable, platform-independent and extendable implementation of the stdio printf and scanf functions and the string library functions, written by Bjorn Reese <breese@mail1.stofanet.dk> and Daniel Stenberg <daniel at haxx.se>. Trio fully implements the C99 (ISO/IEC 9899:1999) and UNIX98 (the Single Unix Specification, Version 2) standards, as well as many features from other implemenations, e.g. the GNU libc and BSD4. See http://www.contactor.se/~dast/trio/ and http://sourceforge.net/projects/ctrio/
- a very thorough implementation (src/util_snprintf.c) by the Apache Group distributed with the Apache web server - http://www.apache.org/ . Does its own floating point conversions using routines ecvt(3), fcvt(3) and gcvt(3) from the standard C library or from the GNU libc.
  This is from the code:

  > This software [...] was originally based on public domain software written at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
  > [...] This code is based on, and used with the permission of, the SIO stdio-replacement strx_* functions by Panos Tsirigotis <panos@alumni.cs.colorado.edu> for xinetd.

- QCI Utilities use a modified version of snprintf from the Apache group.
- implementations as distributed with OpenBSD, FreeBSD, and NetBSD are all wrappers to vfprintf.c, which is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by Chris Torek.
- implementation from Prof. Patrick Powell <papowell@sdsu.edu>, Dept. Electrical and Computer Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-1309, published in Bugtraq archives for 3rd quarter (Jul-Aug) 1995. No floating point conversions.
- Brandon Long's <blong@fiction.net> modified version of Prof. Patrick Powell's snprintf with contributions from others. With minimal floating point support.
- Samba comes with snprintf (see source from the CVS repository). It is based on Patrick Powell's code with Brandon Long's modifications, plus some newer fixes.
- implementation (src/snprintf.c) as distributed with sendmail - http://www.sendmail.org/ is a cleaned up Prof. Patrick Powell's version to compile properly and to support .precision and %lx.
- implementation from Caolán McNamara available at http://www.csn.ul.ie/~caolan/publink/snprintf-1.1.tar.gz, handles floating point.
- implementation used by newlog (a replacement for syslog(3)) made available by the SOS Corporation. Enabling floating point support is a compile-time option.
- implementation by Michael Richardson <mcr@metis.milkyway.com> is available at http://sandelman.ottawa.on.ca/SSW/snp/snp.html. It is based on BSD44-lite's vfprintf() call, modified to function on SunOS. Needs internal routines from the 4.4 strtod (included), requires GCC to compile the long long (aka quad_t) portions.
- implementation from Tomi Salo <ttsalo@ssh.fi> distributed with SSH 2.0 Unix Server. Not in public domain. Floating point conversions done by system's sprintf.
- and for completeness: my portable version described in this very document available at http://www.ijs.si/software/snprintf/ .

## Related work

- Str library by Ralf S. Engelschall <rse@engelschall.com> provides a str_format(3) function. Its implementation is based on Panos Tsirigotis' sprintf(3) code as adjusted by the Apache Software Foundation 1998.
- Sfio: A Safe/Fast I/O Library by Glenn Fowler, David Korn, and Kiem-Phong Vo, includes sfprintf/sfscanf and is thread-safe.
- snprintfv (libsnprintfv) by Gary V. Vaughan <gvv@techie.com> provides all the features present in a POSIX format printing implementation. It is a rewrite of the printf string formatting API which also accepts argv style argument vectors.
- The Approved Base Working Group Resolution for XSH5, Ref: bwg98-006, Topic: snprintf.

## Some notable references

Some references to my portable snprintf as I happened to come across:

- Software Porting And Archive Centre for HP-UX: http://hpux.connect.org.uk/hppd/hpux/Development/Libraries/snprintf-2.2/
- Unix Incompatibility Notes: I/O Functions, by Jan Wolter

Information about applications and packages using my snprintf is appreciated.

In retrospect, it appears that a lot of effort was wasted by many people for not being aware of what others are doing. Sigh.

mm
Last updated: 2002-02-11
(promoting ISO 8601 / EN 28601 standard for specifying date and time!)